Extraction, Purification, and Quantification of Artemisinin from Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) using Spectrophotometric Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26538/tjdr/v3i3.2Keywords:
Artemisinin, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Maceration, n-Hexane, Petroleum etherAbstract
Purpose: Plasmodium species are the major causative agents of malaria infection. Artemisinin is an effective bioactive compound in Artemisia annua used in the treatment of malaria. This study aimed to extract and quantify the amount of artemisinin in different accessions of Artemisia annua using different solvents and methods of extraction. Methods: Seventy-nine accessions of Artemisia annua were collected at different stages of growth and development, and planted at the orchard and research field of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. The extraction of artemisinin from the different accessions was done using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and maceration methods with n-hexane and petroleum ether as the extracting solvents. After the extraction, purification, and the derivatization of the artemisinin, the artemisinin content of each accession was determined spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 253 nm. The yield of artemisinin from each solvent extract and extraction method was calculated. The data collected was analyzed using SAS, and means were separated using Fisher Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Results: The findings from this study showed that the solvents n-hexane and petroleum ether, as well as UAE and maceration methods of extraction are suitable for the extraction of artemisinin from artemisia annua. Conclusion: The highest artemisinin content (0.37%) was found in IARART0049 collected at the vegetative stage, and the artemisinin content was constant across the extracting solvents and methods of extraction used. This accession amongst other accessions with similar artemisinin content are promising for the optimal extraction of artemisinin.Downloads
References
1. Swamikannu B, Umapathy VR, Natarajan PM, Nandini MS, Queency Stylin AGS, Vimalarani V, Rajinikanth S. Unlocking the Therapeutic Benefits of Artemisia Annua: A Comprehensive Overview of its Medicinal Properties. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024;16(Suppl 5):S4248-S4253. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1250_24.
2. Mohammed S, Dekabo A, Hailu T. Phytochemical analysis and anti-microbial activities of Artemisia spp. and rapid isolation methods of artemisinin. AMB Exp. 2022;12(1):17.
3. Addissouky TA. Artemisinin and its derivatives throughout the therapeutic mechanisms and clinical potential review. Discov Chem. 2025;2(1):2-10.
4. Rakhmanov B, Imamkhodjaeva A, Usmanov D, Ubaydullaeva Kh, Shermatov Sh, Buriev Z, Abdurakhmonov I. Extraction and Identification of Artemisinin and its Intermediates from Natural and Modified Sources. Int Sci J. 2024;3(7):2181-3337.
5. Tahir SM, Usman IS, Katung MD, Ishiyaku MF. In Situ Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Wormwood (Artemisia annua L.). Am J Plant Sci. 2014; 5:1694-1701.
6. Lee BJ, Weyers M, Haynes RK, Kooy F. Discovery of artemisinin in Artemisia annua, its current production, and relevance to sub-Saharan Africa. South Afr J Bot. 2023;153:21-27.
7. Zhang Y, Xu G, Zhang S, Wang D, Prabha PS, Zuo Z. Antitumor research on artemisinin and its bioactive derivatives. Nat Prod Bio Prospect. 2018;8(4):303-319.
8. Efferth T. From ancient herb to modern drug: Artemisia annua and artemisinin for cancer therapy. Sem Cancer Biol. 2017;46:65–83.
9. Banožić M, Wronska AW, Jakovljević Kovač M, Aladić K, Jerković I, Jokić S. Comparative Evaluation of Different Extraction Techniques for Separation of Artemisinin from Sweet Wormwood (Artemisia annua L.). Horticul. 2023;9(6):629.
10. Prawang P, Zhang Y, Zang Y, Wang H. Ultrasonic assisted extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. using poly ethylene glycol: Toward a greener process. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2019;58:18320–18328.
11. Nganthoi M and Sanatombi K. Artemisinin content and DNA profiling of Artemisia species of Manipur. South Afr J Bot. 2019;125:9-15.
12. Nosten F and White NJ. Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatment of Falciparum Malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:181–192.
13. Numonov S, Sharopov F, Salimov A, Sukhrobov P, Atolikshoeva S, Safarzoda R, Habasi M, Aisa HA. Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia). Medicines (Basel). 2019;6(1):23.
14. Ma T, Zhang T, Song J, Shen X, Xiang L, Shi Y. Novel Differentially Expressed LncRNAs Regulate Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. Life. 2024;14(11):1462.
15. Dogan K, Erol E, Orhan MD, Degirmenci Z, Kan T, Gungor A, Belkis Yasa B, Avsar T, Cetin Y, Durdagi S, Guzel M. Instant determination of the artemisinin from various Artemisia annua L. extracts by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS and their in‐silico modelling and in vitro antiviral activity studies against SARS‐CoV‐2. Phytochem Anal. 2021;33(2):303–319.
16. Banožić M, Banjari I, Jakovljević, M, Šubarić D, Tomas, S, Babić J, Jokić S. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of some bioactive compounds from tobacco waste. Molecules. 2019;24:1611.
17. Shen L, Pang S, Zhong M, Sun Y, Qayum A, Liu Y, Rashid A, Xu B, Liang, Q, Ma H, Ren X. A Comprehensive review of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2023;101:106646.
18. Babacan U, Cengiz MF, Bouali M, Tongur T, Mutlu SS, Gülmez, E. Determination, solvent extraction, and purification of artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. J Appl Res Med Arom Plants. 2022;28(2005):100363.
19. Anyinkeng N, Esoeyang E, Bechem T, Bizama FM. Evaluation of the artemisinin content of Artemisia annua L. grown in different Agro ecological zones of Cameroon. World J Adv Res Rev. 2023;20(1):681–689.
20. Chandrakant R, Malwade, HQ, Ben-Guang R, Lars, PC. Conceptual Process Synthesis for Recovery of Natural Products from Plants: A Case Study of Artemisinin from Artemisia annua. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2013;52:7157-7169.
21. Soktoeva TE, Ryzhova GL, Dychko KA, KhasanovbVV, Zhigzhitzhapov SV, Radnaeva LD. Artemisinin Content in Artemisia annua L. Extracts Obtained by Different Methods. Russian J Bioorg Chem. 2013;39(7):761–776.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
